Abstract:
Afghanistan would join at The SCO’s summits as a guest and observing member, from 2004 until 2015; but it made a request for permanent membership to The SCO’s heads summit in 2015 in Yufa, Russia. In this article, opportunities and challenges towards Afghanistan’s permanent membership in The SCO and its probable achievements through this membership, will be studied and discussed, in the framework of regional correlative theory, with an emphasis on Kantori and Spiegel model. The article aims to find answers to questions, such as:Can Afghanistan achieve The SCO’s permanent membership?And through this membership, will it be able to draw The SCO member states’ collaboration in managing regional dimensions of insecurity and crisis in this country?Does The SCO have the essential capabilities in this regard?The researcher tried to answer the above questions, through a descriptive and analytic method, using internet and library resources. According to the research findings, first, Afghanistan would not have necessary supports by SCO member states, except India, for acquiring permanent membership; and second, even by receiving permanent membership, it will not be able to achieve its goal, i.e., pluralization of SCO member states’ ideas on managing “insecurity and crisis in current war”.
Keywords: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Regional Correlation, Afghanistan.
Abstract:
A while after its independence declaration in 1991, Tajikistan faced domestic conflicts, which continued over 5 years. This article aims to study Afghanistan’s Islamic Government’s role in peace in Tajikistan Republic. In this research, it was tried to answer the following question, through a library-based analytic method: What was the role of Afghanistan’s Islamic Government in Tajikistan peace between 1992-1997? It is supposed that, Afghanistan Islamic government had a significant and fundamental role in Tajikistan peace; because The Afghan Islamic Government’s then leaders, due to a wide range of religious, denominational, language, ethnic, cultural and civilizational resemblances with Tajiks in one hand, and also because of hosting thousands of Tajik refugees in the north of Afghanistan on the other hand, , had been effective on peace-making and ending the civil war in Tajikistan. Thus, rise of The Taliban and then their sovereignty spreading to the northern parts of Afghanistan, bordering Central Asian countries, caused The Afghan Islamic Government to boost the Tajikistan peace process and convince the war sides to stop violence and to sign the final peace agreement, due to its dependency on military and grocery helps from Russia and other Central Asian countries.
Key words: Tajikistan, civil war, Afghanistan, Islamic government, foreign policy, peace.
Abstract:
Afghanistan and Tajikistan have experienced positive relations for several years and have good economic, cultural and political relations; but sometimes these relations have been affected by some factors. This research aims to discuss the impacts of hydro politic factors in Afghan-Tajik relations. The question is: “what is the most important reason for expansion of relations between Afghanistan and Tajikistan? It is supposed that, regional hydro politics has been the most important, effective reason for Afghan-Tajik relations. To conduct this research, causative method has been used. The research findings suggest that, regional hydro politics have had considerable effects on Afghan relations with neighboring countries and in some cases, caused unpleasant incidents in this country.
Key words: Hydro Politics, Region, Water, Afghanistan, Tajikistan.
Abstract:
Russia has been one of the effective players in the region and its impacts have been significant, in political, military, economic, cultural and social dimensions. Russia, changing its foreign policy as an effective player in regional, and sometimes, Para regional crises, has tried to develop its influence in Syria and The Middle East region, confronting US and its allies’ unilateral policies, in political, economic and military equations. The question is: What was the most important reason for Russia’s military intervention in Syria during 2015-2018? The research hypothesis is that, Russia’s policy of spreading influence in The Middle East has been the most important reason for Russia to interfere in Syria militarily. The research was conducted through an analytic-descriptive method, using library-based resources. The research findings have shown that, Russia, through its military interventions in Syria and devastating The ISIS terrorists’ bases in the region, and defeating the US and west-supported opposition groups, could concrete itself in the region, and invert the allies and coalitions to its benefit, and also could influence in the region by spreading economic, military, and political relations and interactions with the region states.
Key words: Military Intervention, Russia, Syria, Middle East.
Abstract:
Chinese-Pakistani relations has been a good pattern of friendship between two states with different ideologies. The question is: what has been the most important for Pakistan and china to develop their relations?The research hypothesis is that, Afghanistan’s geostrategic specifications, have had power to impact on the behavior of the players of the region, particularly china and Pakistan.The research findings show that, Afghanistan’s geostrategic and geo-economic specifications have caused for Pakistan and china to develop their relations; because Afghanistan is a neighbor of both countries and due to its impacts on central and south Asian regions, has been interested by both countries. Afghanistan is located in South Asia and is a conjunction between South and Central Asian regions and is a part of the Great Middle East; its mineral resources cost 3 billion Dollars. It is the main path of The Silk Road and a neighbor of three Central Asian countries as the second energy resource in the world. Therefore, Afghanistan has been a cause for Chinese-Pakistani correlations.
Key words: Geostrategic, Geo-economic, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan.
Abstract:
The People’s Republic of China, consisted of 56 races, was established in 1949, following the victory of Mao’s communist revolution. Even since the very beginning, there have been disputes of separatism and establishing an independent country among Uyghurs in Xinjiang Province. Following the collapse of the airplane, containing Uyghur leaders, Xinjiang went under Chinese territory and disputes of separation of this part of North Western China has been strengthened. Regarding this enduring spirit of separatism, at least 25 terrorist liberation groups were formed, among all of which, The East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) could be known as the most significant.The aim of this article is to try to clarify the reasons for growth of extremism, specifically the different dimensions of ETIM’s activities and its impacts on the growth of terrorism in the region.The most important question of the research, is, the most important causes of growth of extremist networks in Post-2001 China. Undoubtedly, there are a number of variables to answer this question; but among all of them, The Uyghurs’ cultural and ideological contradictions, as the main hypothesis, has been the major cause for growth of extremist networks in Post-2001 China. The research was performed through a descriptive-analytic method, and simultaneously using the researcher’s experiences and observations.
Key words: Uyghurs, Xinjiang, China, Ideological Contradiction, Extremist Networks.
Abstract:
Based on the needs of industrial countries for energy, specifically for oil, in the 21st century, this could be considered an economic and national trade priority for them and among all these, we could point to the US presence in The Middle East, containing a high range of energy and oil resource storage. Use of oil in industries, nowadays, could be considered as an insuring key to infinity, security, powerfulness and wealth acquisition for industrial countries, so that, they could concrete the procurement of essential energy for industrial corporations, welfare, modern weaponries and defense spares; among which, US cannot be excluded. Assuring the cycle of oil demand and supply from one side, and attaining cheap and abundant oil resources on the other side, has been among US main and major strategics in The Middle East. Therefore, the aim of the article is to study the oil-based importance of The Middle East and US presence in this region, and also to answer this question: what was the effects of energy resources in The middle East on US presence in this region?
Key words: Energy Resources, Oil, The Middle East, The US.
