Abstract:
For designing, deciding and implementing a successful foreign policy, a good understanding about domestic and foreign factors is required. By establishing a new system of governance, Post-Taliban Afghanistan entered into a unique phase of its foreign policy, which was expanded as a result of interactions with international actors and alliance with the world community. Considering the threats and opportunities in the new circumstances, it is significantly important to clarify The Post-Taliban Afghanistan’s foreign policy, and also how to decide and manage such policy. The purpose of this research, is to identify the variables affecting The Post-Taliban Afghanistan’s foreign policy, (considering each variable’s weight), and current challenges.The main question of the research is: What are the variables affecting deciding foreign policy in Post-Taliban Afghanistan? According to James Rosena’s theory, societies with a practically “semi-authoritarian” system of governance in terms of politics, which are extensively strict, and are under-development economically, such as Afghanistan, are affected mostly by components, such as, individuals, international system, role of government and the society, in deciding their foreign policy. Findings of the research show that, due to higher level of centralism and closer relationship with The US during President Ghani’s administration, the impacts of individual and systematic factors in deciding foreign policy are much stronger in President Ghani’s administration, than in President Karzai’s one. On the other hand, based on the following reasoning, the social variable, or the society, has had the lowest impact on deciding foreign policy: Afghanistan is a traditional, tribal and ethnic society, with a “semi-authoritarian” political system, which has fallen short from successfully forming nation-state; therefore, it has been suffering from a severe socio-political and identity diffusion and there is no comprehensive doctrine or decree in the field of foreign policy, to be agreed by elites and ethnicities. As a result, Afghanistan’s foreign policy is unable to cope with threats and opportunities, with its individualistic and arrogance-based status. This research was conducted through a document-based data collection method an analytic-descriptive method of data examination.
Keywords: Foreign Policy, Afghanistan, Theory of Integration, Post-Taliban.
Abstract:
Since ancient times, Afghanistan has been, whether attacked by great powers, or a field of their indirect rivalries. For example, in the 19th century and early 20th century, it was attacked by Great Britain. It was attacked by The Soviet Union in the late 20th century, and also in the 1990’s by The Taliban, a group which came from the thoughts, taught in a religious school, named, “Diwband”, and also were followers of The Egyptian Ikhwan Thoughts. In the early 20th century, The US entered this country, which caused rivalries between Russia, India and China in Afghanistan.The purpose of this essay is to show the impacts of China-India rivalries on Afghanistan.The core question is that, how India-China rivalries have affected Afghanistan’s level of security. It is assumed that, Afghanistan’s status is like a magnetic field, which has absorbed the rivalries of both China and India within it. The data were collected, examined and evaluated analytically and the results show that India-China rivalries still exist in different areas in Central Asia and also have affected Afghanistan’s security.
Keywords :India, China, Central Asia, Afghanistan, Security, Structural Realism.
Abstract:
Turkey and Afghanistan did not obtain sustainable security within 14 years. Both countries, even though experiencing relative democracies, and forming states in various manners, but could not experience security with its all dimensions. Political centralism, political instability, censorship, terror, drug smuggling and racism are seen in both countries. The main question is: what was the major reason for both countries, not to have obtained sustainable security from 2001-2014?The hypothesis of the research suggests that the most important reason for both countries, not to have obtained sustainable security within the mentioned period is that, their insulation in regional orders has resulted in instabilities and thus severely affected both countries’ security.The main purpose of this essay is to show how insulation of these two countries affect their security. Since, in the past times, issues and problems related to countries could be analyzed only in the framework of states’ sovereignty, but nowadays, they imply also contexts beyond their territories, therefore, today, one of the important issues in international security is, the opportunities and the threats beyond the countries’ territories, that can challenge the states. The method of the research is descriptive-analytic, and based on Barry Busan’s “selective regional security” theory, it states that, insulation of these two countries in the regional orders of their surroundings, has resulted in generating security issues and they cannot be solved, unless through cooperation with actors in these regions.Findings suggest that, regionalism is another face of globalization, and geographical situation of the countries in the regions undoubtedly have security consequences and will affect each country differently
Keywords : Regional Orders, Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, European Order, Turkey, Afghanistan.
Abstract:
US attacked Afghanistan to combat against terrorism and considered complete elimination of terrorism and prevention from Afghanistan become again a haven to this phenomenon as a goal for this attack. Following 8 years of US presence in Afghanistan, terrorist activities increased and caused to threaten Afghanistan’s stability. The then President of Afghanistan, Hamed Karzai, considered this situation unbearable to continue and began to oppose extensively against US policies in Afghanistan. He questioned the manner of US combat against terrorism and in contrast, was faced by strong confrontation by US against him, such as, media publicity, corruption accusation, bad governance and weak management. An environment of mistrust, not only gloomed the relations between the two countries, but also led it to unfriendliness, so that, continuing these tensions led to the most complicated issues in these two countries.Using bibliographical resources and with a descriptive and analytic method, it is aimed to answer this question: “what have been the most important reasons for exposing tensions in US-Afghanistan relations during Obama’s administration?”The research hypothesis is that, change in Karzai’s perception of US honesty in fighting against terrorism in Afghanistan, has been the main cause for exposing tensions in Kabul-Washington.
Keywords : Foreign Policy, Terrorism, Afghanistan, USA.
Abstract:
The biggest factor of insecurity, poverty and conflict in Afghanistan, is the ethnic tensions between different ethnic inhabitants in this country. No macro-narration has been formed in Afghanistan so far, to represent a joint identification for all races. So far, each of the inhabitant races has its own micro-narration and in the meantime, likes to introduce its micro-narration as a national macro-narration.Meanwhile, two major races, Tajiks and Pashtuns, with the most conflicts with each other, have their own micro-narration and each of them considers its micro-narration as a national macro-narration. Pashtun Nationalistic racism and Tajik oligarchism, are two factors that have formed their narrations of their segregation constructors; while there are plenty of integrational constructors between Tajiks and Pashtuns, that have more power than segregation constructors.In this essay, it was aimed to propose integrational constructors rather than segregation constructors between these two races, in order to pave the way for the national macro-narration.
Keywords :Ethnic Nationalists, Oligarchists, Micro-Narrative, Arian Ethnicity, Persian, Hanafi, Jurisprudence.
Abstract:
Tourism is a multi-dimensional industry, with positive economic effects on the country, so far as, it has been considered as a part of economic, cultural, security and political development strategy. Many countries and states have had serious attention towards its positive economic and cultural impacts. Most of the countries in the world have reached their peak point of their considered objectives, using this industry, so that, they have obtained most of their income through this industry and have been considered as developed countries in the world. Considering its geographic situation, natural condition, and cultural values, Afghanistan, which has been cradle of Asia and World civilization, has been playing its role as a cross-road and a gravity-center for the largest conjunctive networks of the world and its geography forms an effective foundation for its development. The purpose of this research is to clarify the position of tourism industry in the process of economic development, in order to make clear the challenges and opportunities towards tourism. This bibliographic research shows that, there are good opportunities in attracting tourists in this country, but it is necessary to expend more sources and utilize more facilities, so that we can use this industry as a good source of income and foreign currency absorption.
Keywords :Tourism, Development, Economy, Employment, Afghanistan.
Abstract:
Pakistan is one of the most influential and active regional powers in the South Asian subregion, which has a significant impact on the Interest and security of Afghanistan than other regional actors. The role of the country, especially the ISI, in Afghanistan has been dramatically transformed in terms of quantity and quality. The question now is what has been the main reason for the expansion of Afghanistan insecurity from 1992 to 2016?As part of the hypothesis of the study, Pakistan’s ISI support for radical groups such as the Taliban was the main cause of the expansion of insecurity in Afghanistan. In this research, privative Neoli method was used. The research findings indicate that the most important cause of insecurity in Afghanistan is the interference of the ISI in designated its stated goals, as it is using the radical groups to insecure Afghanistan and achieve a desirable outcome on its goals.
KeyWords: ISI, Taliban, Afghanistan, Salafism, Insecurity.
